Privileged communications protect confidential discussions in certain relationships in which we want to foster open, honest communications. The law usually recognizes all the following privileged relationships except which of the following?

Which of the following is not a contemporary development that has increased the tendency of organizations to promulgate policies and procedures as well as rules and regulations?

A) Expansion of bureaucracies B) The threat of civil litigation C) Administrative due process in employee disciplinary matters D) Trend toward the accreditation of police agencies

Lawsuits typically claim negligence on the part of the police officers, their supervisors, as well as the agencies they work for. The United States Supreme Court held that the appropriate standard in assessing a Section 1983 claim in the context of a police pursuit is the:

A. Vicarious Liability Standard. B. Shocks the Conscience Standard. C. Similarly Situated Officer Standard. D. Malice Standard.

Some local agencies remain at arm's length from federal immigration authorities because they believe that _________.

A. they can do the job more efficiently themselves B. there is no point in prosecuting cases of illegal immigration C. positive connections with the local community help them with their own cases D. the immigration justice system is unjust and they would rather not cooperate with it

Due to the large amount of drugs on Julie's possession, a judge could easily conclude that what exists?

a. Due process b. Inference c. Scienter d. Mens reus