In psychologists' conceptualization of reciprocal causation, which one of the following is an internal variable?

A) Alma pays close attention to lectures in her science class.
B) Last year Bree received an A in science for only mediocre achievement.
C) Curt's friend Evan will be in his science class this year.
D) Doug's science class is using state-of-the-art simulation software to study human anatomy.


A

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Which of the following is a norm-referenced approach to grading?

a. Before the beginning of a report period, determine the grading scale. b. Compare the score of each student to the scores of other students. c. Use percentage-correct scores to assign letter grades. d. Grade each exam score using a predetermined scale.

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Neuroscientists believe that the most important sensory cue that the fetus receives during prenatal development is most likely:

a. the nature of the mother's diet. b. the sound of the father's voice. c. the sound of the mother's activities. d. the sound of the mother's heartbeat.

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Which of the following is a purpose of the debriefing?

a. to explain the research more fully b. to deceive the participants about the purpose of the research c. to recruit participants for the study d. to give research participants extra credit

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Researchers who conducted a series of observations of science teachers’ questioning behaviors found the following statements to be true except:

A. Students were largely quizzed on a series of knowledge level, vocabulary-focused questions B. Effective questioning was relatively rare. C. Most teachers’ questioning sessions monitored the learners’ understanding of ideas and encouraged deep thinking. D. Teachers’ questions emphasized knowing the right answer.

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