Which of the following auscultatory parameters may exist in the presence of hypovolemia?
a. Hypertension c. Orthostatic hypotension
b. Third or fourth heart sound d. Vascular bruit
C
A drop in systolic blood pressure of 20 mm Hg or more, a drop in diastolic blood pressure of 10 mm Hg or more, or a rise in pulse rate of more than 15 beats/min from lying to sitting or from sitting to standing indicates orthostatic hypotension. The drop in blood pressure occurs because a sufficient preload is not immediately available when the patient changes position. The heart rate increases in an attempt to maintain cardiac output and circulation.
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A nurse assesses a client with renal insufficiency and a low red blood cell count. The client asks, "Is my anemia related to the renal insufficiency?" How should the nurse respond?
a. "Red blood cells produce erythropoietin, which increases blood flow to the kidneys." b. "Your anemia and renal insufficiency are related to inadequate vitamin D and a loss of bone density." c. "Erythropoietin is usually released from the kidneys and stimulates red blood cell production in the bone marrow." d. "Kidney insufficiency inhibits active transportation of red blood cells throughout the blood."
A nurse is working with a minority group that has a high incidence of cardiovascular disease, including hypertension and stroke. When participating in a community health fair with this group, what action by the nurse will be most effective?
A. Educate the participants about weight loss and a low-sodium, low-fat diet. B. Explain the genetic basis for the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in the group. C. Help participants make lifestyle changes that are culturally congruent. D. Present statistics on the mortality and morbidity of cardiovascular disease.
The patient rings the nurse call button and requests pain medication. Upon assessment, the nurse finds the patient sitting up in a chair, watching television with a friend. Vital signs are normal and the patient's skin is warm and dry
Which nursing actions are appropriate? 1. Ask the patient to rate his pain on the pain scale. 2. Tell the patient that he does not look as if he is in pain. 3. Have the patient go back to bed and ask the visitor to leave. 4. Check to see when the patient last received pain medication. 5. Have another nurse assess the patient.
After teaching a group of pregnant women about the need for proper oral health during pregnancy, which of the following statements by the group indicates the need for additional teaching?
A) "We should continue seeing the dentist like we always do." B) "Chewing sugar-free gum is okay even with the pregnancy." C) "If we need dental work, we can postpone it until after the birth." D) "Flossing and brushing are just as important now as before."