A 6-year-old male diagnosed with vesicoureteral reflux is experiencing urine reflux from the uri-nary bladder into a grossly dilated ureter and calyces. This condition would be graded:
a. I.
b. II.
c. III.
d. IV.
ANS: D
The patient has symptoms of grade IV reflux. Grade I involves a nondilated ureter.
Grade II does not involve dilation. Grade III does not involve gross dilation.
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