What about the moderately effective birth control methods? What are the main advantages
and disadvantages?
What will be an ideal response?
These nonhormonal methods do not have the systemic effects that hormonal methods have. They
leave all reproductive function intact and are used only in conjunction with the act of intercourse.
• Spermicides (e.g., foam, film, the sponge, creams, and jellies) kill sperm in the vagina. These need
to be inserted before intercourse and are only moderately effective. Some spermicides cause
irritation, and recent research suggests this irritation might increase the transmission of human
immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
• The diaphragm and cervical cap provide hormone-free contraception and must be professionally
fitted and prescribed by a health care provider. They do need to be used in proximity to intercourse
and are more likely than other methods to be used incorrectly. Both rely on the use of a spermicide
to prevent pregnancy.
• Condoms (male and female) are available without a prescription and offer some protection against
STIs. They are widely available. However, many couples find they interfere with the sensations of
intercourse.
• Withdrawal involves having the man remove his penis from his partner's vagina before ejaculation.
This requires concentration and determination on the part of the man. Some sperm are present in
fluids released before ejaculation, so the risk of pregnancy can be higher with this method.
• Natural family planning requires that women observe their cycles for physiologic evidence of
ovulation such as changes in body temperature, cervical mucus, or position during and after
intercourse. Some women use a method of contraception during their fertile time; others choose
to abstain during that time. Both partners need to be invested in this method of contraception.
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A father accompanies his partner to her OB clinic visit. The woman is near term. The father confides to the nurse that the patient is cranky, irritable, and yells at him for no reason. Which action by the nurse is best?
A. Explain why the woman needs emotional support. B. Instruct the mother to get more rest during the day. C. Reassure the father that this behavior is normal in pregnancy. D. Teach the father assertive communication skills.
Which of the following employment opportunities are among the most dangerous?
a. Food processing, textiles, and transportation b. Highway construction, ranching, and public utilities c. Large mechanized factory positions d. Mining, forestry, and fishing
All of the following are grounds for immediate dismissal except:
a. Failing to pursue further medical help for a patient; patient dies. b. Selling narcotics obtained from the unit supply of narcotics. c. Restraining a patient in bed for 7 hours, unsupervised, as punishment for hitting a staff member. d. Grabbing the unit manager and threatening further physical harm after a poor performance appraisal.
Which of the following guidelines supports current practice when using behavior control on a client?
A) Methods of influence that decrease a person's ability to think rationally should only be used when a client is not acting in his or her own best interest. B) In many cases, the use of psychosurgery to effect a permanent change is recommended over drug therapy. C) Methods of influence that keep relevant facts from a client should only be used with the consent of the client's significant others. D) Methods that work through the cognitive and affective structure of a person are preferred treatment.