An alternative to Spradley's approach to produce and analyze ethnographic data was developed by whom?
A) Leininger
B) Van Manen
C) Colaizzi
D) Giorgi
A
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Approaches to ethnographic analysis other than Spradley's have also been developed. For example, in their ethnonursing research method, Leininger and McFarland (2006) provided ethnographers with a four-phase ethno nursing data analysis guide. Van Manen, Colaizzi, and Giorgi were all phenomenologists. Phenomenologists from the Utrecht School, such as Van Manen (1997), combine characteristics of descriptive and interpretive phenomenology. Colaizzi's method is the only one that calls for a validation of results by querying study participants. Giorgi's view is that it is inappropriate either to return to participants to validate findings or to use external judges to review the analysis.
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