According to the nebular theory of solar system formation, what key difference in their early formation explains why the jovian planets ended up so different from the terrestrial planets?
A) The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it.
B) The jovian planets formed in a region with a much higher density of hydrogen and helium gas.
C) The terrestrial planets accreted from rock and metal, while the jovian planets were formed by giant balls of pure hydrogen and helium gas.
D) The jovian planets began from planetesimals made only of ice, while the terrestrial planets began from planetesimals made only of rock and metal.
A) The terrestrial planets formed inside the frost line of the solar nebula and the jovian planets formed beyond it.
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Why is the greenhouse effect weaker on Mars than on Earth or Venus?
A. High water vapor clouds reduce the amount of sunlight that reaches the planet's surface. B. There is no carbon dioxide in Mars's atmosphere. C. Mars's atmosphere is much thinner than those of Venus and Earth. D. Fog and frost on the Martian surface reflect much of the Sun's energy.
The ordered structure NiAl has been investigated as a high-temperature gas-turbine material; however, brittle fracture is a problem with this alloy. Theoretical calculations have determined that the enthalpy of the ordered NiAl structure is 0.15 eV per atom less than for a disordered structure. The NiAl ordered structure is a cube with Ni at 0,0,0 and Al at 1/2,1/2,1/2.
(a) What is the Bravais lattice type for NiAl? (b) What is the GFE change if this alloy disorders at 1900 K? (c) Based upon your result for (b), predict if NiAl is ordered or disordered at 1900 K. (d) From the Ni-Al phase diagram in Figure 5.15, to what temperature does the NiAl phase remain ordered?
Diagram 6-2 illustrates a light source, a gas cloud, and three different lines of sight. Along which line of sight would an observer see an emission spectrum?
a.
1
b.
2
c.
3
d.
2 and 3
e.
none of them
What common gas assumes an uncommon state in the mantles of Jupiter and Saturn? Why?
What will be an ideal response?