Why might lower-class speakers continue to use styles of language that are stigmatized?

a. Styles of speech serve as a marker for membership into a group.
b. They do not have the appropriate education to adopt upper-class patterns of language.
c. They have never been exposed to standardized language, and so do not know that their speech is non-standard.
d. Styles of speech are inherited, and cannot be changed by individuals.


a

Anthropology & Archaeology

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