Which of the following statements about caffeine are true? (Select all that apply.)
1. Caffeine can cause toxic side effects in large doses.
2. Women and adolescents consume the most caffeine in the United States.
3. The amount of caffeine found in coffee and tea varies by brand.
4. Caffeine increases gastric acid.
5. Soda contains more caffeine than either coffee or tea.
1, 3, 4
Rationale: A high intake of caffeine can cause toxic side effects that include vomiting, seizures, tachyarrhythmias, and even death. An estimated 87% of the U.S. population consumes caffeine, with adults and male adolescents the top consumers. The amount of caffeine in coffee and tea is affected by the brand, brewing method, and steeping time. Caffeine increases gastric acid production and lowers the esophageal sphincter pressure which can lead to gastroesophageal reflux and gastritis. The amount of caffeine varies between products and can be determined on the ingredient label.
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A) "Exercise has not been shown have any benefits for people over 80." B) "Exercise can help reduce the negative effects of stress, which can impact your physical health." C) "Exercise can help increase your blood pressure." D) "You aren't too old to exercise."
A nurse is reviewing the care plan for a client diagnosed with schizophrenia and hallucination. Which of the following would be considered a long-term outcome for this client?
A) The client does not harm self in next 48 hours. B) The client reports a decrease in anxiety level within 24 hours. C) The client identifies environmental factors that precipitate hallucinations by discharge. D) The client identifies feelings associated with hallucinations with each episode.
A client's membranes spontaneously ruptured, as evidenced by a gush of clear fluid with a contraction. Which of the following would the nurse do next?
A) Check the fetal heart rate. B) Perform a vaginal exam. C) Notify the physician immediately. D) Change the linen saver pad.
Following a vaginal birth, a client has lost a significant amount of blood and is starting to experience signs of hypovolemic shock. Which clinical signs would be consistent with this clinical diagnosis?
a. Decrease in blood pressure, with an increase in pulse pressure b. Compensatory response of tachycardia and decreased pulse pressure c. Decrease in heart rate and an increase in respiratory effort d. Flushed skin