Why did burghers and merchants in many towns in France, the Netherlands, and Italy set out their rights in charters?

a. to become independent of royal authority
b. to insure their relative freedom from noble and church interference
c. to weaken the power of guilds and communes
d. to slow the influx of peasants migrating from the countryside to the towns


b. to insure their relative freedom from noble and church interference

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During the seventeenth century, how did the political power of the clergy change over time?

a. It gradually diminished as secular bureaucrats replaced clerical elites. b. It gradually increased, as clerical elites amassed considerable political power. c. It increased rapidly as monarchs recruited large numbers of clerical elites to help them run their states d. It remained largely static, with clerical elites remaining aloof from politics.

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