Describe three antiretroviral drug types that are commonly used in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART)
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Fusion inhibitors (e.g., enfuvirtide) bind to a membrane protein (gp41) that prevents the formation of the viral envelope of HIV and the CD4 cytoplasmic membrane of human immune cells. Integrase inhibitors bind to integrase enzymes and prevent HIV replication by halting the virus' ability to integrate its dsDNA genome into a host cell's DNA. Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) stop the replication of HIV by terminating DNA synthesis due to the incorporation of a nucleoside analog (e.g., azidothymidine) that cannot form a bond with the next nucleotide in the HIV genome sequence when replicating. Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) also halt replication of the HIV genome, but NNRTIs directly interact with the reverse transcriptase enzyme and halt its function. Protease inhibitors (PIs) are peptide analogs that inhibit protein processing of HIV rather than nucleotide/genome replication, which prevent maturation of HIV.
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A modification of a gene or chromosome that occurs during gamete formation or early development which permanently alters the expression of that gene for the lifetime of the individual is called
A. paternal inheritance. B. epigenetic inheritance. C. allosteric inheritance. D. extranuclear inheritance. E. sex-linked inheritance.
English ivy (Hedera helix) and wintercreeper (Euonymus fortunei) are not closely related, yet both have aerial rootlets that allow them to climb up and stick to bark on trees. What type of evolution is this?
A. Analogous. B. Convergent. C. Radial. D. Bivalent. E. Both analogous and convergent.
Bile helps in the digestion of _____
a. carbohydrates b. fats c. carbohydrates d. proteins e. nucleic acids
________ the spread of cancer cells from their site of origin to other sites in the body.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).