From the following list , select the items associated with epinephrine
a. increase systolic blood pressure.
b. increase cardiac output.
c. decrease heart rate.
d. decrease diastolic blood pressure
e. lower peripheral resistance
a,b,d,e. Epinephrine activates alpha receptors on all blood vessels everywhere. However, in small doses,as used in dentistry epinprhine, doesnot stimulate alpha receptors, so the net effect is vasodilation from activation of beta-2 receptors on blood vessels in skeletal muscle. This vasodilation tends to reduce peripheral resistance and therefore diabstolic blood pressure, which is primary governed by peripheral vascular resistance. The systolic blood pressure is influenced by peripheral vascular resistance as well, but it is also heavily influenced by the cardiac output, which epinephrine increases strongly. Thus, with an increase in systolic blood pressure and a decrease in disatolic blood pressure, there is no real change in mean blood pressure.
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