An "indicator" in both research and practice is best defined as:

a. an observation that is assumed to be evidence of the attributes or properties of
something.
b. the process of describing abstract concepts by assigning numbers or other
symbols to them in accordance with rules.
c. a reconceptualization of a theoretical definition on the basis of difficulties
encountered in operationalizing it.
d. a variable that has been operationalized by combining a number of items into a
composite score.


A

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