The nurse talking with the parents of a toddler who is struggling with toilet training reassures them their child is demonstrating a typical developmental stage that Erikson described as:
1. "Trust vs. mistrust."
2. "Autonomy vs. shame and doubt."
3. "Initiative vs. guilt."
4. "Industry vs. inferiority."
2
Rationale:
1. Trust vs. mistrust is the stage where infants learn whether the environment and the people in it can be trusted.
2. Erikson's stage of autonomy vs. shame and doubt marks a period of time when the toddler is trying to gain some independence while still wanting to please adults.
3. Preschool-age children, not toddlers, must work through initiative vs. guilt.
4. School-age children must work on who they are and what can be achieved through industry vs. lacking self-esteem.
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