A group of rats was run through a maze for 12 days. On days 1 through 10, there was no food reward at the end of the maze, and the rats made many errors as they slowly moved through the maze. On day 11, a food reward was placed at the end of the maze. After the food reward was introduced, the rats ran the maze very quickly and with few errors. According to psychologist _____, this experiment demonstrated a phenomenon called _____.
a. B. F. Skinner; stimulus discrimination
b. Edward L. Thorndike; the Law of Effect
c. Albert Bandura; observational learning
d. Edward C. Tolman; latent learning
Answer: d. Edward C. Tolman; latent learning
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Changes in personality, emotions, views of oneself, social skills, and interpersonal relationships with family and friends are called ______ development.
A. physical B. cognitive C. socioemotional D. lifespan
Regarding sex as a biological motive, which of the following statements is FALSE?
a. Most psychologists believe that sex in both humans and lower animals is necessary for individual survival. b. In lower mammals, a normal male is almost always ready to mate. c. In lower mammals, the normal female is interested in mating only when their fertility cycles are in the stage of estrus. d. In lower animals, the sex drive is directly related to hormones.
Regarding cultural differences in how children learn to attend to objects and events, in looking at pictures, Westerners tend to
a. group items together on the basis of category membership. b. tend to focus on the background as much as on the target object. c. tend to group items together on the basis of relational-contextual criteria. d. tend to view things in a holistic manner.
According to Hippocrates, a quick-tempered disposition is associated with
a. yellow bile. c. phlegm. b. blood. d. black bile.