You have read the research on the importance of exercise, and you want to begin an exercise program, but you haven't so far, which creates a great deal of cognitive dissonance for you. Describe the concept of cognitive dissonance, and explain how your cognitive dissonance regarding exercising might be reduced using each of five strategies
What will be an ideal response?
Answer will include that cognitive dissonance is an uncomfortable clash between one's self-image, thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, or perceptions and one's behavior. Thus, a clash exists between the thought that you need to exercise for your health and your behavior of not exercising. In order to reduce the dissonance, you might (1) change your attitude and say that "Exercise is really not that important for good health.". You might also reduce dissonance by (2) adding consonant thoughts, such as saying "I always take the stairs and walk a great deal on campus between classes, so I am really exercising.". Dissonance might also be reduced by (3) changing the importance of the dissonant thoughts, such as saying "Even if I'm not exercising, my diet is healthy, and I take good care of my health, so a special exercise plan is not that necessary.". (4) Reducing the amount of one's perceived choice could also reduce dissonance, such as saying, "My schedule is so hectic that I really don't have time for exercise each day.". Lastly, you could
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Yacef is interested in determining whether children develop virtually the same way in Algeria as they do in other parts of the world. Yacef's research deals primarily with the ____ issue of human development
a. psychological versus biological forces b. universal versus context-specific development c. nature versus nurture d. continuity versus discontinuity
The ruling that competence to stand trial is a "sufficient present ability to consult with [one's] attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding, and…a rational, as well as factual understanding of the proceedings" stems out of which Supreme Court case?
A. Ford v. Wainwright (1986) B. Dusky v. United States (1960) C. Johnson v. Zerbst (1938) D. Mapp v. Ohio (1961)
Conceptual replications allow a researcher to
A. precisely replicate the procedures of a study to see whether the same results are obtained. B. point out inconsistent findings and areas in which research is lacking. C. identify trends in the literature and provide directions for future study. D. have an increased confidence in the generalizability of relationships between variables when they produce similar results.
In the context of one-group pretest-posttest design and the associated threats to internal validity, any changes that occur systematically over time are called ________ effects.
A. regression B. history C. testing D. maturation