What role did the Congress of Vienna play in restoring political stability to Europe in the post-Napoleonic era? How did it relate to the philosophical ideas of the Enlightenment?
What will be an ideal response?
ANSWER:
Students should examine the irony that, despite the conservative retrenchment after the French Revolution, popular support for democratic reform and self-determination spread throughout Europe. The Congress of Vienna took place in 1814-1815 as a response to the upheaval faced by the monarchies, nobility, and the church. The objective of the Congress of Vienna was to restore the French monarchy, to repress nationalist and liberal ideas, and to stem the tide of revolution elsewhere. Despite these efforts by this "Holy Alliance" of European leaders, the powerful ideas of liberalism and democracy grew. Students should discuss examples: the Greeks pushed for independence from the Ottoman Empire, in the United States voting rights were extended to all white males, and in Great Britain reformers called Chartists worked for voting and labor reform. Reformers in Italy, Hungary, and Bohemia also pressed for national self-determination.
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What will be an ideal response?