Which of the following are signs of early hypovolemic shock in children? (Select all that apply.)
1. Bradycardia
2. Increased work of breathing
3. Prolonged capillary refill time
4. Decreased blood pressure
5. Tachycardia
2. Increased work of breathing
3. Prolonged capillary refill time
5. Tachycardia
Rationale:
Increased work of breathing is an early sign of shock, indicating compensation for decreased cardiac output and volume. Decreased capillary refill time is an early indicator of decreased fluid volume and compensation. Tachycardia is an early compensatory mechanism for hypovolemia in a child. Bradycardia is a late and ominous sign of shock indicating that the child is no longer able to compensate. Decreased blood pressure is a later finding, and would not occur until other compensatory mechanisms were exhausted.
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