In consideration of the historic evolution of maternity care, which treatment options were used? (Select all that apply.)
a. During the nineteenth century, women of privilege were delivered by midwives in a hospital setting.
b. Granny midwives received their training through a period of apprenticeship.
c. The recognition of improved obstetric outcomes was related to increased usage of hygienic practices.
d. A shift to hospital-based births occurred as a result of medical equipment designed to facilitate birth.
e. The use of chloroform by midwives led to decreased pain during birth.
ANS: B, C, D
Training of granny midwives was done by apprenticeship as opposed to formal medical school training. With the advent of usage of hygienic practices, improved health outcomes were seen with regard to a decrease in sepsis. New equipment such as forceps enabled easier birth. Women of privilege in the nineteenth century delivered at home, attended by a midwife. Chloroform was used by physicians and was not available to midwives.
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