Discuss in detail the application of pattern matching to the mapping of the human genome.
What will be an ideal response?
One of the most interesting and exciting applications of pattern matching is assisting microbiologists and geneticists studying and mapping the human genome, the basis for all human life. The human genome is composed of a sequence of approximately 3.5 billion nucleotides, each of which can be one of only four different chemical compounds. These compounds (adenine, cytosine, thymine, and guanine) are usually referred to by the first letter of their chemical names: A, C, T, and G. Thus, the basis for our existence can be rendered in a very large "text file" written in a four-letter alphabet (e.g., T C G G A C T A A C A T C G G G A T C G A G A T G …).Sequences of these nucleotides are called genes. There are about 25,000 genes in the human genome, and they determine virtually all of our physical characteristics-sex, race, eye color, hair color, and height, to name just a few. Genes are also an important factor in the occurrence of certain diseases. A missing or flawed nucleotide can result in one of a number of serious genetic disorders, such as Down syndrome or Tay-Sachs disease. To help find a cure for these diseases, researchers are attempting to locate individual genes that, when exhibiting a certain defect, cause a specific malady. A gene is typically composed of thousands of nucleotides, and researchers generally do not know the entire sequence. However, they may know what a small portion of the gene-say, a few hundred nucleotides-looks like. Therefore, to search for one particular gene, they must match the sequence of nucleotides that they do know, called a probe, against the entire 3.5 billion-element genome to locate every occurrence of that probe. From this matching information, researchers hope to isolate specific genes. When a match is found, researchers examine the nucleotides located before and after the probe to see whether they have located the desired gene and, if so, to see whether the gene is defective. Physicians hope someday to be able to "clip out" a bad sequence and insert in its place a correct sequence.
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