Which of the following is/are major mechanism(s) that contribute to the pulmonary hypertension commonly seen in a patient with a pulmonary embolism?
1. Decreased cross-section area of the pulmonary vascular system
2. Vasoconstriction induced by alveolar hypoxia
3. Reflexes from the aortic and carotid sinus baroreceptors
4. Vasoconstriction induced by humoral agents
a. 1
b. 2, 3
c. 1, 2, 4
d. 1, 2, 3, 4
C
Three things can lead to pulmonary hypertension after a pulmonary embolism: less area for blood to flow through, alveolar hypoxia, and released humoral agents (serotonin and prostaglandin). Baroreceptors are stimulated by hypotension and cause the heart rate to increase.
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