Among the approaches that have tested the gene-delinquency association include:
a. Twin studies c. Parental deviance
b. Adoption studies d. All of the above
D
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Programs based on social reaction theory attempt to shield people from criminal labels by diverting them from the system in order to avoid stigma.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Bias against social work by law enforcement persisted through what decade?
What will be an ideal response?
One problem with measuring across contexts is:
a. Most analyses are too complex to rework. b. Available measures are not always accurate. c. Statistics are invariable. d. Measurement equivalence is reduced.
Which of the following became the dominant method of punishment in the early Middle Ages?
A. probation and parole B. incarceration and slavery C. corporal and capital punishment D. fines and penance