An 81-year-old male resident of a long-term care facility has a long-standing diagnosis of heart failure. Which of the following short-term and longer-term compensatory mechanisms are least likely to decrease the symptoms of his heart failure?
A)
An increase in preload via the Frank-Starling mechanism
B)
Sympathetic stimulation and increased serum levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine
C)
Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and secretion of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP)
D)
AV node pacemaking activity and vagal nerve suppression
Ans:
D
Feedback:
Reassignment of cardiac pacemaking activities and suppression of the vagal nerve are not noted compensatory actions related to heart failure. Increased preload and sympathetic stimulation, increased levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and secretion of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) are all noted compensatory mechanisms.
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