The parents of a school-age child are concerned about the child learning right from wrong. In which order should the nurse instruct the parents of a school-age child that moral development will develop in their child?
1. Punishment and obedience
2. Law-and-order orientation
3. Instrumental-relativist orientation
4. "Good boy–nice girl" stage
Correct Answer: 1, 4, 2, 3
Rationale 1: School-age children are in Kohlberg's stage 1 of the preconventional level (punishment and obedience); that is, they act to avoid being punished.
Rationale 2: Stage 4 is the law-and-order orientation. The motivation for moral action at this stage is to live up to what significant others think of the child.
Rationale 3: Stage 2 is the instrumental-relativist orientation. These children do things to benefit themselves. Fairness, in which everyone gets a fair share or chance, becomes important.
Rationale 4: Stage 3 is the "good boy–nice girl" stage. The child shifts from the concrete interests of individuals to the interests of groups.
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