What type of hypothesis is the following: "Postoperative pediatric patients who use TENS (transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation) will have a different level of pain than pediatric postoperative patients who do not use TENS"?

1. Simple and directional
2. Complex and directional
3. Simple and nondirectional
4. Complex and nondirectional


3
Rationale 1: The hypothesis tests the relationship between one independent and one dependent variable, so it is simple; but it states the pain level will be different between the groups but does not specify the difference, so it is nondirectional.
Rationale 2: The hypothesis tests the relationship between one independent and one dependent variable, so it is simple, not complex; it states the pain level will be different between the groups but does not specify the difference, so it is nondirectional.
Rationale 3: The hypothesis tests the relationship between one independent and one dependent variable, so it is simple; it states the pain level will be different between the groups, but does not specify the difference, so it is nondirectional.
Rationale 4: The hypothesis tests the relationship between one independent and one dependent variable, so it is simple, not complex; it states the pain level will be different between the groups but does not specify the difference, so it is nondirectional.
Global Rationale:

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