Scaffolding involves a situation where
a. children learn by imitating a large number of people in their immediate sociocultural environment.
b. children are gradually reinforced for displaying behaviors appropriate to their culture.
c. parents or teachers provide direct instruction.
d. children learn with the occasional assistance and guidance of experts, usually parents.
D
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Prayer, incantations, and noise-making were all techniques for __________.
A. altering a person's brain functioning B. improving a person's dreams C. helping a person internalize good spirits D. conducting an exorcism
Elisha is an early maturing girl. Compared to the late maturing girls, we can expect Elisha to
a. date sooner and engage in sex at an earlier age. b. have a more positive self-image in elementary school. c. be less likely to get into trouble in junior high and high school. d. have delayed identity formation.
Cognitive therapy focuses on:
A) identifying unconscious desires and wishes developed during childhood. B) changing behaviour through punishment and reward. C) changing an individual's distorted thinking about self, others, or the world. D) enhancing intelligence through multiple cognitive tests.
The influence of the researcher's expectations on the outcome of the study refers to _____
a. reactivity b. expectancy effects c. ecological validity d. both reactivity and expectancy effects