Vygotsky called the gap between what a learner can do alone and what he or she can do with guidance and encouragement of a skilled partner the _____ development
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
zone of proximal
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Tolman believed that:
a. learning occurs independently of reinforcement b. if no reinforcement occurs, no learning occurs c. reinforcement governs classical conditioning but not instrumental conditioning d. reinforcement governs instrumental conditioning but not classical conditioning
The authors of your text present correlational evidence showing that people who are happier tend to spend more time with others. Which of the following is NOT a valid explanation for this correlation?
a. Happy people are more likely to have good relationships. b. Good relationships make people happier. c. There is a third variable, such as extraversion, which accounts for the correlation. d. Social contact in any form makes people happier.
Which of the following accounts for the least amount of variance in most psychotherapy-outcome research?
a. specific treatment techniques b. client factors c. therapist factors d. all of the above account for equal amounts of variance
Milgram's study on obedience has been criticized on the basis of __________.
A. methodological weaknesses B. inability to replicate it C. lack of real-life application D. ethics