Describe the two distinct layers of the skin and what is contained within each.
What will be an ideal response?
Answers will vary. The skin is made up of two distinct layers: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is made up of two types of cells, melanocytes and keratinocytes. The melanocytes contain melanin, a skin-color pigment that gives a person's skin its characteristic color. Keratinocytes produce a hard protein, keratin, which is waterproof and acts as a protective barrier to pathogens and chemicals. The dermis is made up primarily of collagen, blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic tissue, and connective tissue. Other structures include hair follicles, Sebaceous glands (oil glands), sudoriferous glands (sweat glands), and sense receptors.
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A patient is taking cyclosporine [Sandimmune] and prednisone to prevent organ rejection after right renal transplantation. The patient is febrile and complains of right-sided flank pain
The nurse reviews the patient's chart and finds that the patient's BUN and serum creatinine are ele-vated. The cyclosporine trough is 150 ng/mL. What will the nurse do? a. Be concerned that the left kidney is fail-ing. b. Expect the provider to order intravenous methylprednisolone. c. Request an order for a urine culture. d. Suspect nephrotoxicity secondary to an elevated cyclosporine level.
Metabolic changes throughout pregnancy that affect glucose and insulin in the mother and the fetus are complicated but important to understand. Nurses should know that
a. Insulin crosses the placenta to the fetus only in the first trimester, after which the fetus secretes its own. b. Women with insulin-dependent diabetes are prone to hyperglycemia during the first trimester, because they are consuming more sugar. c. During the second and third trimesters, pregnancy exerts a diabetogenic effect that ensures an abundant supply of glucose for the fetus. d. Maternal insulin requirements steadily decline during pregnancy.
A client in her 22nd week of gestation arrives at the healthcare facility with complaints of excessive vaginal bleeding and absence of fetal movements. She is diagnosed as having second-trimester fetal loss
Which of the following would the nurse anticipate as the cause of second-trimester fetal loss? A) Cervical incompetence B) Ectopic pregnancy C) Congenital malformations D) Placenta previa
The nurse is conducting a health maintenance assessment for a patient who lost a spouse 2 months ago. The patient's adult child states,
"My mom's behavior has changed since we lost my dad. She seems forgetful and confused at times. It seems to be worse in the morning." Based on this data, which diagnosis does the nurse anticipate? 1) Delirium 2) Dementia 3) Depression 4) Grief