Which of the following is true regarding the relationship of genetics to crime?

a. The relationship exists, but is always indirect.
b. The relationship exists, but is sometimes indirect.
c. There is a strong and direct relationship between genes and crime.
d. There is no known relationship between genes and crime.


a. The relationship exists, but is always indirect.

Criminal Justice

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Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. Deindividuation theories refer to long-term processes that focus on a person’s learning history, whereas social cognitive theories identify short-term processes that are very sensitive to group dynamics. 2. Social cognitive theories are often referred to as social learning theories. 3. Psychological process theorists view the law as an unchanging entity that is perfectly capable of distinguishing between criminals and noncriminals. 4. Modeling, observational learning, and imitation all refer to the same process. 5. Psychological process theorists believe that explaining desistance from antisocial behavior is easier to explain than persistence of antisocial behavior.

Criminal Justice

Which specialization is considered an applied branch of psychology?

A. cognitive B. developmental C. experimental D. forensic

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Which of the following is not one of Kauffman’s (1988) five types of guard attitudes?

a. Polyannas b. Black hats c. Hard asses d. Burnouts

Criminal Justice

Libel and obscenity ______.

A. are fully protected by the First Amendment B. are sometimes protected by the First Amendment C. fall outside the protections of the First Amendment D. none of these

Criminal Justice