Imagine we were interested in the effect of supporters singing on the number of goals scored by soccer teams. We took 10 groups of supporters of 10 different soccer teams and asked them to attend three home games, one at which they were instructed to sing in support of their team (e.g., ‘Come on, you Reds!’), one at which they were instructed to sing negative songs towards the opposition (e.g., ‘You’re getting sacked in the morning!’) and one at which they were instructed to sit quietly. The order of chanting was counterbalanced across groups. An ANOVA with a simple contrasts using the last category as a reference was conducted. Looking at the output tables below, what does the first contrast (Level 1 vs. Level 3) compare?
A. Positive singing vs. no singing
B. No singing vs. negative singing
C. Negative singing vs. positive singing
D. We cannot tell which groups the levels represent from this output.
Answer: A
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The backgrounds and cultures of students in your classroom are not simply ethnic additives, but contributors to everyone’s learning
a. True b. False
Today’s youth are much more digital-centric than previous generations. _________________________
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Explain why the use of grade retention is an example of how unsystematic observations may lead to false conclusions
What will be an ideal response?
What is the most important drawback in using norm-referenced grading?
(a) Reference groups vary, making interpretation difficult. (b) It does not indicate what learning targets a student has learned. (c) Students who improve their performance do not receive grades to match the improvement.