Describe how implicit and explicit memory develop in the first two years. Provide an example of each.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Implicit memory involves automatic encoding of new stimuli into memory through the process of habituation.
2. Infants become faster and faster at habituating to new stimuli as they get older, indicating that the speed of encoding information into memory is improving steadily.
3. Another aspect of implicit memory involves memory for an operant response. Infants can learn a new behavior such as kicking a leg to make a mobile move at 2 months and remember it for 2 days. By 6 months of age they retain the response for 2 weeks. Using a different version of the task, researchers have shown steady increases in the retention of the operant-conditioned response over a period from 6 to 18 months.
4. Explicit memory involves the conscious, deliberate recall of events or experiences. Infants show that they have a functioning explicit memory by 9 months of age because they can imitate novel actions they witnessed only once. For instance, infants may remember how to push a car through a box and then turn on a light if they have done this before, as described in the text.
5. As they get older, children can imitate more actions and retain the memory of them for a longer period of time, indicating that explicit memory improves steadily during infancy.
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Describe why the terms multidimensional, multidirectional, interindividual variability, and plasticity, as proposed by Baltes and colleagues (2006) may be the most accurate way to describe intelligence in adulthood
What will be an ideal response?
The first four sleep stages are considered__________
A) rapid eye movement sleep B) paradoxical sleep C) non-rapid eye movement sleep D) dreamful sleep E) Select
Which astronomer refused to work on the calendar problem because he believed that better knowledge of the movements of the heavenly bodies was needed first?
a. Copernicus c. Kepler b. Brahe d. Galileo
Bill and Ben are about to have breakfast. Their mother asks Bill, "What would you like for breakfast?" Bill answers, "I would like some damn oatmeal." She slaps him in the mouth and orders him to leave the table. She then turns to Ben and asks, "And what would you like?" Ben answers, "I don't really care, as long as it isn't any of that damn oatmeal!" Ben's misunderstanding highlights the importance of
A. immediate and efficiently severe punishments. B. children learning through imitation. C. appropriate responses being identified and positively reinforced. D. specifying why punishment is being administered.