Normal aging of the cardiovascular system includes
a. Strengthened heart contractions
b. Decreased cardiac output
c. Flaccid and thinned heart valves
d. Dilation of blood vessels
B
Cardiac output is decreased as a result of the slowed heart rate and weaker cardiac contractions. This is not usually a noticeable problem unless older persons are exposed to stressors that exceed their reserves. Responses A, C, and D are incorrect. The aging heart is slower and weaker, the valves become thickened and more rigid, and blood vessels thicken and become less elastic.
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