Discretionary decisions made by criminal justice professionals are said to produce an ____________ that does not operate within the rigid confines of formal rules and laws
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
informal criminal justice system
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All of the following are examples of increased decriminalization except:
A. drunk driving laws B. adultery C. justifiable homicide situations D. marijuana use
Read the following facts regarding United States v. Sokolow (1989): Sokolow, appeared to be suspicious to police because while traveling under an alias from Honolulu, he paid $2,100 in $20 bills (taken from a larger sum of money) for a round-trip airline ticket to Miami. He spent a very short period of time in Miami. Sokolow was noticeably nervous and had checked no luggage. A warrantless airport investigation by Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) agents revealed more than 1,000 grams of cocaine on the defendant. Based on the facts above, how did the U.S. Supreme Court rule?
A) The Court ruled that according to a "totality of the circumstances" criterion, in which the defendant's entire behavior is taken collectively to provide the basis for a legitimate stop, the evidence was admissible.
B) Upon appeal, the Court ruled that no single activity was proof of illegal activity, and as such, the evidence was inadmissible.
C) The court ruled that the stop was legal because the actions taken together created circumstances under which suspicion of illegal activity but that the search was illegal under the exclusionary rule.
D) The court ruled that the stop and the search were illegal under the Fourth Amendment and as such, all evidence should have been excluded from trial.
What is the purpose of the cognitive interview?
A) To reduce false confessions B) To elicit better information from victims and witnesses C) To obtain confessions from suspects D) To aid investigators in obtaining consent to a polygraph
Which of the following cities has actively recruited openly gay police officers and has a large number of openly gay officers relative to the city's population?
a. San Francisco b. Milwaukee c. San Diego d. Key West