In what way does the concept self-efficacy differ from such terms as self-concept and self-esteem?

a. Self-efficacy refers only to those behaviors we learn through modeling.
b. Self-efficacy results primarily from vicarious reinforcement and punishment.
c. Self-efficacy varies depending on the specific task to be performed.
d. Self-efficacy appears only after we begin to regulate our own behavior.


c

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According to the Wongs, what teachers do the first day determines:

a) how well students like school. b) the year’s curricula. c) success for the rest of the year. d) how students will do on tests.

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The textbook distinguishes between teacher-directed and learner-directed forms of instruction. Which one of the following best describes how teachers should view these two approaches?

a. Generally speaking, teacher-directed instruction is more effective than student-directed instruction. b. Generally speaking, student-directed instruction is more effective than teacher-directed instruction. c. Teacher-directed instruction is recommended for the elementary and middle school grades; student-directed instruction is recommended for the high school grades. d. Either approach can be effective only to the extent that it promotes effective storage and retrieval processes.

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In Brownell and Moser's study with teaching students how to carry out two-column subtraction some students were taught in the conventional way and some were taught with bundles of sticks. The use of bundles of sticks is an example of:

a. discovery methods b. advance organizers c. concrete manipulatives d. reciprocal teaching

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Recent research has shown that dialogic reading is beneficial for:

a. all families, regardless of SES or culture. b. middle-class families, but perhaps not for low-income families. c. low-income families, but perhaps not for middle-class families. d. immigrant families, but not for U.S. born families.

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