The nurse is teaching the parents of a 2-year-old toddler methods of dealing with their child's "negativism." Based on Erokson's theory of development, which of the following would be an appropriate intervention for this child?
A) Discourage solitary play; encourage playing with other children.
B) Encourage the child to pick out his own clothes.
C) Use "time-outs" whenever the child says "no" inappropriately.
D) Encourage the child to take turns when playing games.
B
Feedback:
Erikson defines the toddler period as a time of autonomy versus shame and doubt. It is a time of exerting independence. Allowing the child to choose his own clothes helps him to assert his independence. Negativism—always saying "no"—is a normal part of healthy development and is occurring as a result of the toddler's attempt to assert his or her independence. It should not be punished with "time-outs." The toddler should be encouraged to play alone and with other children. Toddlers cannot take turns in games until age 3.
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