In three of the following situations, positive reinforcement is occurring. In which situation is positive reinforcement not occurring?
a. Sara begins behaving better in class when Ms. Jones allows her to spend extra time with her friends for exhibiting appropriate behavior.
b. Mr. Lewis consistently praises Mark for completing his independent seatwork on time, and Mark's work habits improve.
c. Ms. Villareal scolds Jeremy every time he speaks out of turn, but Jeremy's speaking out is increasing rather than decreasing.
d. Mr. Salazar smiles at Ellen every time she acts appropriately toward her classmates, but Ellen's social behaviors don't improve.
d
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Comparing is the basis of ordering and measurement
a. True b. False
Which of the following is consistent with the IDEA definition of learning disability?
a. a disorder in basic processes that produces learning difficulties not attributable to other causes b. a low IQ score but a high level of achievement c. learning difficulties in conjunction with mild mental retardation d. a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes, as well as cultural disadvantage
In their comprehensive study of language development in professional, working-class, and low-income families, Hart and Risley (1995) found that:
a. children from lower-income families have bigger expressive vocabularies IF their family speaks more than one language at home. b. children with higher IQs had bigger vocabularies than children with lower IQs, regardless of family socioeconomic status. c. the greatest predictor of a child's vocabulary at age 3 is the socioeconomic status of the child's family. d. vocabulary growth is most strongly associated with exposure to adult language during the infant and toddler years.
Auxiliary stimuli include all of the following except
a. elementary mental functions. b. examples constructed by the child. c. language of the family. d. tools of the culture.