______ is viewed not as a single turning point but as part of a potential causal dynamic over the life course according to Sampson and Laub.
a. serving in the military during wartime
b. getting a new job
c. marriage
d. residential change
c. marriage
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Which type of theory has been criticized for being racist?
a. Social disorganization theory b. Strain theory c. The subcultural approach d. The ecological approach
Female prison inmates’ conflict and guilt resulting from the separation from their children is often referred to as ______.
A. pains of imprisonment B. unfortunate incarceration C. gender discrimination D. parental conflict
The constitutional basis for the law of confessions includes: a. the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment and the Eighth Amendment right against cruel andunusual punishment
b. the Eighth Amendment right against cruel and unusual punishment. c. the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, the Sixth Amendment right-to counsel, and the FifthAmendment right against self incrimination. d. only the Fifth Amendment right against self incrimination.
Stress to police officers induced from judges who openly display hostile attitudes toward the police falls under which category of stress?
a. organizational and administrative practices b. the criminal justice system c. the public d. stress intrinsic to police work itself