The U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Batson v. Kentucky (1986) that prosecutors engage in unlawful discrimination when they exclude blacks from jury service through the use of:
a. Inflammatory arguments
b. prosecutorial misconduct
c. challenges for cause
d. peremptory challenges
d. peremptory challenges
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______ deterrence refers to the preventive effect of the threat of punishment on the population; it is aimed at potential offenders.
a. general b. specific c. primary d. secondary
The significant association between parental and child deviance levels ___
a. is strong evidence of a genetic connection to criminality b. may indicate that environmental or genetic factors contribute to crime c. proves that upbringing is the most important factor when predicting crime d. provides evidence that each sibling will have an equal likelihood of becoming a criminal
The rate of arson has been rising steadily over the past ten years
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
Which of the following is NOT one of the theories that has been put forth to explain the decline in violent crime rates for juveniles?
a. the decline of the prevalence of crack cocaine b. the increase in police action against "quality-of- life" crimes such as loitering c. the decrease in school shootings in the U.S. d. schools adoption of more zero-tolerance policies that punish students harshly for bringing weapons or drugs onto school grounds