A 65-year-old client is diagnosed with congestive heart failure with edema due to fluid retention. Which of the following may cause retention of fluid in the body?
A) Elevated protein levels
B) Increased venous pressure
C) Elevated osmotic pressure
D) Increased excretion of sodium
B
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Increased venous pressure, leading to faulty reabsorption of fluids and electrolytes, can cause edema and fluid retention. Other causes of fluid retention include low protein level in the blood, reduced osmotic pressure, and sodium retention. Elevated protein level, elevated osmotic pressure, and increased excretion of sodium do not cause fluid retention.
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