Briefly describe Brainerd and Reyna's fuzzy trace theory and the results of their research on it
What will be an ideal response?
A good answer will include the following key points:
According to fuzzy trace theory, most experiences can be stored in memory exactly (verbatim) or in terms of their basic meaning (gist). Brainerd and Reyna hypothesized that some memory errors depend on gist processing, and that if older children and adolescents are biased to gist processing, they should be more prone to those errors than young children. Results indicated that false memories — remembering a word that was never presented — were rare in young children, but more common in older children and much more frequent in adults. These results are consistent with fuzzy trace theory.
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The null hypothesis suggests that the two samples come from ___________ distribution(s), and the experimental hypothesis suggests that the two samples come from _____________ distribution(s)
a. different; different b. different; the same c. the same; different d. the same; the same
Natural is to __________ as formal is to __________
a. fuzzy; precise b. concept; category c. expert; novice d. logic; intuition e. biological; cognitive
Donald, a 7-month-old baby, reaches for a rattle that his grandmother shakes in front of him
The part of Donald's visual system that is specialized to help him identify the object as a rattle is the ___, and the part of his visual system that is specialized to help him use the perceptual information about the rattle's trajectory to guide his reach is the ___. a. ventral system, dorsal system b. lateral system, dorsal system c. dorsal system, lateral system d. dorsal system, ventral system
Heuristics are useful mental shortcuts but they also have drawbacks. What could be considered one disadvantage of using the representativeness heuristic?
a. When using the representativeness heuristic people do not consider information about an individual's personality. b. The representativeness heuristic takes a great deal of controlled processing. c. Using the representativeness heuristic may lead to neglecting other important information such as the base rate. d. Using the representativeness heuristic leads to greater use of the base rate.