Which of the following change the electrical potential across the cell membrane?
A. Activation and opening of ligand-gated K+ channels.
B. Activation and opening of modality-gated Na+ channels.
C. Activation and opening of voltage-gated Cl– channels.
D. Leak channels, which allow continuous diffusion of small ions.
E. All of the above
ANS: E
Rationale: Neurons function by undergoing rapid changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane. An electrical potential across a membrane exists when the distribution of ions creates a difference in electrical charge on each side of the cell membrane. Four types of membrane channels allow ions to flow across the membrane: leak channels, modality-gated channels, ligand-gated channels, and voltage-gated channels.
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