In addition to counselor attitude, the literature has pointed to three important nonspecific leadership factors. Explain what these are
What will be an ideal response?
Leadership:
a . A sense of hope: Effective leaders were found to project a sense of hope to their clients, manifested in behaviors such as acknowledging the client’s resources and potential to change, conveying a clear and strong belief in the effectiveness of group counseling, and communicating a sense of confidence or personal power (Couch & Childers, 1987). Although the literature indicates that hope is a curative factor in group counseling, it is devoid of strategies for its use.
b. Leadership style: Abramowitz, Roback, Abramowitz, and Jackson (1974) found that matching counselor leadership style with client personality promotes positive group counseling outcomes. They described client personality based on Rotter's (1966) research on internal and external locus of control. Clients who were described as having an internally oriented locus of control believe that life events are the result of initiative. By contrast, clients who believe that luck or powerful forces determine life outcomes are described as having an externally oriented locus of control. Abramowitz et al. (1974) found that nondirective techniques were more effective than directive techniques with internally oriented clients. The reverse was true for clients with an external orientation.
c. Personal characteristics: Certain personal characteristics may distinguish effective from ineffective group leaders (Combs, Avila, & Purkey, 1978). The literature indicates that effective leaders are more positive than less effective leaders. And effective leaders hold more positive perceptions of clients. Also, effective group counselors display emotionally supportive behaviors (e.g., care, listening, and flexibility) more often than ineffective counselors during group interactions (Stockton, Morran, & Velboff, 1987).
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Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. Rogers was the first to record and transcribe therapy sessions so he could review and study them. 2. B.F. Skinner considered himself a “radical behaviorist.” 3. Scientific empiricism is the view that only phenomena that can be rigorously studied are appropriate for science. 4. The therapist–client relationship is not important in behavioral therapy.
Gary works in an agency that is short-staffed and is continuously being asked to work an overloaded schedule. He feels overwhelmed by the job and is exhausted by the time he leaves work. Recently, Gary sought help through a counselor for managing his stress. The first step he needs to take to develop an effective stress-management program is
a. altering stress-inducing behavior patterns. b. avoiding stressors. c. self-monitoring. d. using cognitive approaches to challenge irrational beliefs.
A group of researchers associated with ACT extended Holland’s hexagon model to include the twenty-three job families from the ______________________________
a. Career Enhancement Model b. Vocational Fit Wheel c. World-of-Work Map d. Broader Career Model e. Vocational Planning Circle
All of the following gave rise to the emerging adulthood stage of development except
a. The change from an industrial-based economy to an information-based economy b. Significant increase in educational and occupational opportunities available to women c. Greater tolerance of premarital sex d. The Vietnam war