The main threat(s) to the validity of direct observation is (are)

a. observer effect.
b. observer bias.
c. instrumentation.
d. a and b
e. a and c


D

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What will be an ideal response?

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Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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Sampling error a. refers to the mistakes made by an experimenter during the samplingprocess

b. cannot be accounted for by current data analysis techniques. c. is never reduced by randomization. d. refers to the chance variations that occur in the sampling process.

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