Describe the evidence from cross-cultural and within-culture studies that experience has an influence on the development of crawling. What conclusions can be drawn from this evidence?
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. People from Jamaica and certain West African cultures believe that babies should not learn to crawl but should instead learn to walk as soon as possible.
2. To aid in the process, they massage babies, stretch their limbs, and do gymnastic exercises to help them sit, stand, and walk.
3. Babies in these cultures master sitting up, standing, and walking a few weeks earlier than babies in Western countries such as the Unites States.
4. Babies who are often put to sleep on their backs learn to crawl about two months later than babies who are put to sleep on their sides or stomachs, and sometimes do not crawl at all. This is thought to be due to differences in the opportunities babies have to practice crawling movements while on their stomachs.
5. Conclusions that can be drawn include the influence of culture on motor development. Cultural practices appear very influential when infants learn to crawl.
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Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
Matt classically conditions his dog, Wally, to salivate when he strums the G chord on his guitar by providing food after the chord is played
After some time, Matt notices that Wally salivates even when other chords are strummed although the chords were not followed by food. This phenomenon is known as ________. a. stimulus generalization b. stimulus discrimination c. higher-order conditioning d. instinctive drift
At which stage does a child learn phonological recoding skills and start to read?
a) Stage 0 b) Stage 1 c) Stage 2 d) Stage 3
Which of the following is NOT an explanation for why the presence of other people can be arousing?
a. The presence of other people is distracting and causes conflict, as individuals have to decide what they should pay attention to. b. When other people are around, an individual has to be on alert in anticipation of what might happen next. c. When other people are around, individuals become more concerned about how they are being evaluated. d. Having other people around makes an individual feel less accountable for his or her own actions.