An advantage of observational studies is that:
a. they can provide accurate descriptions of behavior.
b. the presence of observers can alter the behavior being observed.
c. they can answer questions about cause and effect.
d. they allow experimenters to manipulate variables.
Answer: a
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Jeannie has ADHD and her teacher believes that all children with ADHD misbehave in the classroom. Jeannie has never misbehaved in the classroom but now her parents get a weekly phone call from the principal about Jeannie’s bad behavior at school. Jeannie’s teacher may be creating __________________ for Jeannie.
A. a self-fulfilling prophecy B. cognitive dissonance C. deindividuation D. an actor-observer effect E. a correspondence bias
When a grandfather smiles at his young granddaughter, she responds by moving toward him. If he looks angry, she is likely to ________, suggesting that ________
a. also move toward him; she does not know the difference between these expressions b. also move toward him; her behavior is unaffected by emotional expressions c. move away; she can recognize and understand the meaning of these expressions d. move away; her behavior is unaffected by emotional expressions
Why is hopscotch so popular with early-school-age children in many cultures?
A. The game has no fantasy element so children can focus on reality. B. The game symbolizes perils of childhood and the need for balance while providing opportunities for mastery. C. The game provides a sense of safety and security. D. The game is easy, with few opportunities for failure.
In his theory, Berkeley proposed that all that is experienced in the world, beyond the senses, as objective is actually of spirit or mind, because it is God’s perception, rather than matter. Which of the following applies to this proposition?
a. objective idealism b. realism c. phenomenalism d. direct realism