Why did it take Iraq’s 1990 invasion of Kuwait for the United Nations Security Council to successfully use collective security, after failing to use it for four decades?
a. The invasion was a clear-cut case of state aggression against a smaller state, and, with the Cold War being over, did not involve a rivalry of permanent member state interests.
b. The end of the Cold War had created a global consensus on the need for robust, automatic United Nations responses to any threat to international security, no matter how minor.
c. Iraq and its leader, Saddam Hussein, had no allies on the council, being something of an international pariah state for its earlier attack on Iran and use of chemical weapons.
d. The invasion was such an extraordinarily clear-cut case of state aggression that smaller states convinced permanent council member states to put aside lingering rivalries and take action.
Answer: A
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