Unconscious processes that utilize self-deception to reduce anxiety are called:
a. defense mechanisms c. reality principles
b. unconscious motivations d. free associations
A
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Which of the following is true of negative reinforcers?
A) They increase the probability that a behavior will occur when they are removed. B) They focus on decreasing unwanted behavior rather than increasing good behavior. C) They involve the removal of a pleasant stimulus. D) They involve the application of an aversive stimulus.
What does reductio ad absurdum mean?
a. To reduce a pompous individual by making jokes at his or her expense b. To follow the suggestions of one’s teachers until one can formulate independent thought c. To expect nothing from life because it is, in essence, absurd d. To demolish an argument by following its logical steps until an absurd conclusion is reached
The concepts of sex and gender are usually differentiated in that sex:
a. refers to the social differences between men and women and gender encompasses the biological differences between masculinity and femininity. b. refers to the different behaviors across men and women, whereas gender refers only to the different perceptions associated with masculinity and femininity. c. encompasses educational differences between men and women and gender defines their occupation. d. refers to the biological differences between men and women and gender is associated with the social differences between masculinity and femininity.
Which of the following is true about breastfeeding in developing countries?
a. Most women in developing countries have diseases that can be spread through breast milk, so they are advised not to breastfeed. b. Marketing campaigns from formula companies have attempted to deceive women into believing formula is superior to breast milk. c. Women in developing countries are often under-nourished and therefore formula offers a nutrient-rich alternative. d. Because of economic benefits, close to 90 percent of babies in developing countries are breastfed.