What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: A hardy individual is likely to cope adaptively with stress brought on by the inevitable changes of life. Researchers have identified a set of three personal qualities—control, commitment, and challenge—that, together, they call hardiness. Together, the three hardiness attributes motivate people to try their best to turn life’s stressors into opportunities for resilience. First, hardy people regard most experiences as controllable. Second, they display a committed, involved approach to daily activities, finding interest and meaning in almost all of them, even during stressful times. Finally, they view changes as challenges—as occasions for learning and self-improvement. Hardiness influences the extent to which people appraise stressful situations as manageable, interesting, and enjoyable. These optimistic appraisals, in turn, predict health-promoting behaviors, tendency to seek social support, reduced physiological arousal to stress, and fewer physical and emotional symptoms. Furthermore, high-hardy individuals are likely to use active, problem-centered coping strategies in situations they can control. In contrast, low-hardy people more often use emotion-centered and avoidant coping strategies—for example, saying, “I wish I could change how I feel,” or eating and drinking to distract themselves from the stressful event. Many factors act as stress-resistant resources, including heredity, diet, exercise, social support, and coping strategies. Research on hardiness identifies an additional ingredient: a generally optimistic, determined, zestful approach to life. Some research suggests that experiencing a modest level of adversity can actually be life-enriching, perhaps because it promotes hardiness.
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When asked about their own happiness, what are individuals from Western cultures are most likely to mention?
A. individual factors or achievements B. their sense of self C. harmonious relations with others D. their individual well-being
Social roles differ from norms in that:
a. they are expectations for a specific individual in a situation. b. they are expectations for how nearly everyone should behave in a situation. c. they cannot be enforced. d. they are created by the individuals instead of being taught by society.
Daryl Atkins was convicted of abducting and killing a male in Virginia and was sentenced to death. He successfully appealed to the Supreme Court which ruled that it is unconstitutional to execute the mentally retarded. Which of the following is the best statement of the outcome of this case? A. A jury determined that he was mentally retarded and he was sentenced to life in prison
B. A jury determined that he was not mentally retarded and he was sentenced to life in prison. C. A jury determined that he was not mentally retarded and he was scheduled to be executed. D. A jury determined that he was mentally retarded and he was scheduled to be executed.
Which of the following statements best describes the fate of Binet's intelligence test within psychology?
A. It is still used, and it is in virtually the same form as Binet's original test. B. It really has had little lasting influence on contemporary intelligence testing. C. It is still used but in a heavily revised form. D. It was used for a number of decades but was then abandoned.