In the t test, ______.
A. it is necessary to identify the proper test type before the degrees of freedom can be computed
B. it is necessary to select the correct formula before the degrees of freedom can be computed
C. it is necessary to identify the number in each sample group before the degrees of freedom can be computed
D. all of these
D. all of these
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Many researchers draw conclusions about causality with data that are collected at a single point in time. Determining that the cause came before the effect is uncertain with such data. Which of the following circumstances does not allow us to determine that the cause came before the effect?
a. The independent variable is fixed at some point prior to the variation in the dependent variable. b. Reliability of the variables is established by having different interviewers question the respondent. c. It can be established that the respondents’ retrospective accounts are reliable. d. The measures are based on records that contain information on cases in earlier time periods.
The study of ethics is especially important in criminal justice because:
a. unethical behavior is more rampant in criminal justice that other fields b. ethics is not studied at police academies c. CJ professionals have historically ignored ethics in their decision making d. the potential of abuse of discretion and the powers of arrest and use of force society grants to law enforcement personnel
Wolfgang and colleagues found that chronic offenders consist of about 36% of the population but account for 92% of the offending
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Similar to the United States, crime data in Germany is compiled by a Federal Police agency
Indicate whether the statement is true or false