A nurse is evaluating how care is delivered at various hospitals. In the process, the nurse is able to identify a facility where caring in the emergency department is perceived differently than caring in the rehabilitation unit
This type of example reflects whose theory of caring?
1. Leininger
2. Ray
3. Roach
4. Boykin and Schoenhofer
Correct Answer: 2
Rationale: Ray's theory of bureaucratic caring suggests that caring in nursing is contextual and is influenced by the organizational structure. Each unit had its own specific meaning of caring and how it was influenced. Leininger's theory is focused on cultural congruency. Roach focuses on the philosophical concept of caring and proposes that caring is the human mode of being. Boykin and Schoenhofer's theory suggests that caring is a lifelong process, lived moment to moment by the nurse and constantly unfolding.
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